Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science

Original articles

Experience of operating a medical humanities course at one medical school during the COVID-19: a retrospective study: Yu Ra Kim, Hye-won Shin, Young Hwan Lee, Seong-Yong Kim; J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(2):179-186. Published online September 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2022.00451

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Background
This study summarizes the experience of operating a ‘Medical Humanities’ course, which was taught remotely to maintain activities and discussions at medical schools in Daegu, Korea during the sudden and unexpected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
The subjects of this study were 73 first- and 79 second-grade medical students who took the medical humanities (1) and (2) courses among first- and second-grade students of Yeungnam University College of Medicine in 2020. Of the 152 students who agreed to the online survey, 123 completed the survey. Self-, environmental, and program evaluations were conducted on the study subjects, and differences according to grade and gender were analyzed.
Results
As a result of the study, a significant difference between self-evaluation and environmental evaluation was confirmed. Self-evaluation was determined to be higher in the first grade than in the second grade. The environmental evaluation showed that male students were more satisfied than female students and students generally had difficulties in the classroom environment. Of the applications used in class, the highest satisfaction was observed with KakaoTalk (Kakao Corp.) and Zoom (Zoom Video Communications Inc.). At the end of COVID-19, the students preferred online classes.
Conclusion
If the learning environment for online classes is well prepared and systematic provisions are made, such as class operations that are suitable for the subject, effective education and learning can be achieved by taking advantage of both face-to-face and online classes.

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Study on the Learning Environment of Medical Students in the COVID-19
Yu Ra Kim, Hye Jin Park, Saeyoon Kim
Keimyung Medical Journal.2023; 42(2): 80. CrossRef

A study on the mental health of students at a medical school during COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective study: Yu Ra Kim, Hye Jin Park, Bon-Hoon Koo, Ji Young Hwang, Young Hwan Lee; J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2022;39(4):314-321. Published online August 16, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2022.00437

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Abstract PDF

Background
In this study, the degree of anxiety, depression, and stress caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified, as well as the need for psychological prevention measures among medical students in the Daegu region that was designated the first special disaster area due to the spread of COVID-19.
Methods
The subjects of this study were 318 medical students in Daegu who voluntarily participated in an online test using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version. As a result of the test, risk students received immediate telephone counseling, and the effect of this telephone counseling was analyzed.
Results
There were no differences in depression, anxiety, or stress according to gender and grade. As a result of immediate telephone counseling for risk students, significant differences were found in depression, anxiety, and stress, and the counseling was found to be effective.
Conclusion
For medical students who are easily exposed to stress, the importance of psychological prevention measures and effectiveness of non-face-to-face counseling should be recognized. In the field of medical education, we must do our best to build a system that can be used immediately at the appropriate time for these programs.

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Study on the Learning Environment of Medical Students in the COVID-19
Yu Ra Kim, Hye Jin Park, Saeyoon Kim
Keimyung Medical Journal.2023; 42(2): 80. CrossRef

A study on evaluator factors affecting physician-patient interaction scores in clinical performance examinations: a single medical school experience: Young Soon Park, Kyung Hee Chun, Kyeong Soo Lee, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2021;38(2):118-126. Published online August 6, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2020.00423

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study is an analysis of evaluator factors affecting physician-patient interaction (PPI) scores in clinical performance examination (CPX). The purpose of this study was to investigate possible ways to increase the reliability of the CPX evaluation.
Methods
The six-item Yeungnam University Scale (YUS), four-item analytic global rating scale (AGRS), and one-item holistic rating scale (HRS) were used to evaluate student performance in PPI. A total of 72 fourth-year students from Yeungnam University College of Medicine in Korea participated in the evaluation with 32 faculty and 16 standardized patient (SP) raters. The study then examined the differences in scores between types of scale, raters (SP vs. faculty), faculty specialty, evaluation experience, and level of fatigue as time passes.
Results
There were significant differences between faculty and SP scores in all three scales and a significant correlation among raters’ scores. Scores given by raters on items related to their specialty were lower than those given by raters on items out of their specialty. On the YUS and AGRS, there were significant differences based on the faculty’s evaluation experience; scores by raters who had three to ten previous evaluation experiences were lower than others’ scores. There were also significant differences among SP raters on all scales. The correlation between the YUS and AGRS/HRS declined significantly according to the length of evaluation time.
Conclusion
In CPX, PPI score reliability was found to be significantly affected by the evaluator factors as well as the type of scale.

Review article

Creativity in medical education: concepts related to creative capacity: Yura Kim, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2020;37(2):79-83. Published online March 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2019.00458

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Abstract PDF

In the 21st-century postmodernism era, which represents diversity and relativity, one of the most essential elements in the field of education is to strengthen individual human values. Accordingly, we must focus on developing capacity in order to adapt to change. It is clear that the medical field maximizes the need for new judgments to solve life-related problems constantly, and this problem-solving capacity is an essential skill for a physician. Problem-solving capacity can be achieved simultaneously with creativity to apply them in an appropriate manner based on standardized expertise and well-trained skills. Creativity is also a key element that medical education is currently pursuing. Many studies on creativity have resulted in confusion and misunderstandings on the concept of creativity due to similar terms and varied definitions, such as creation, innovation, etc. In this study, we attempt to identify the importance of creativity in medical education by comparing and organizing concepts related to creative capacity.

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Creative Thinking: Its Importance and How to Cultivate It
Ahmad Munir, Omer A. Awan
Academic Radiology.2022; 29(10): 1610. CrossRef
A study on the mental health of students at a medical school during COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective study
Yu Ra Kim, Hye Jin Park, Bon-Hoon Koo, Ji Young Hwang, Young Hwan Lee
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2022; 39(4): 314. CrossRef
Value-Added Roles of Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment of Medical Students’ Perceptions and Willingness in Sri Lanka
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Shamalee Wasana Jayarathne, Senaka Devendra Pilapitiya
International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 3187. CrossRef

Original Articles

Risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome in full-term neonates: Jin Hyeon Kim, Sang Min Lee, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2018;35(2):187-191. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2018.35.2.187

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Abstract PDF

Background
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a one of the most common cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality in neonates. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for RDS in full-term neonates.
Methods
We conducted this retrospective study using medical records. The study group included 80 full-term neonates diagnosed with RDS and hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2012 and December 2016, at Yeungnam University Hospital. We analyzed sex, gestational age, birth weight, delivery method, maternal age, number of pregnancy, history of abortion, and complication of pregnancy. The control group included 116 full-time neonates who were hospitalized with jaundice during the same period.
Results
The incidence of full-term RDS was more common in males (odds ratio [OR], 3.288; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.446-7.479), cesarean section (OR, 15.03; 95% CI, 6.381-35.423), multiparity (OR, 4.216; 95% CI, 1.568-11.335). The other factors rendered no significant results.
Conclusion
The risk factors for RDS in full-tern neonates were identified as male sex, cesarean section, and multiparity. Further studies involving more institutions are needed to clarify the risk factors for RDS in fullterm infants.

Citations

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The association between sex and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Keren Fang, Shaojie Yue, Shuo Wang, Mingjie Wang, Xiaohe Yu, Ying Ding, Mei Lv, Yang Liu, Chuanding Cao, Zhengchang Liao
BMC Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Inflammatory Mediators in Saliva Samples From Hospitalized Newborns: Potential Biomarkers?
Vanderlei Amadeu da Rocha, Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado, Isília Aparecida Silva, Pedro Augusto Carlos Magno Fernandes, Regina Pekelmann Markus, Mariana Bueno
Clinical Nursing Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Global, Regional and National Trends in the Burden of Neonatal Respiratory Failure and essentials of its diagnosis and management from 1992 to 2022: a scoping review
Joel Noutakdie Tochie, Aurelie T. Sibetcheu, Pascal Ebot Arrey-Ebot, Simeon-Pierre Choukem
European Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 183(1): 9. CrossRef
Incidence and predictors of respiratory distress syndrome among low birth weight neonates in the first seven days in Northwest Ethiopia Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, 2023: A retrospective follow-up study
Wubet Tazeb Wondie, Bruck Tesfaye Legesse, Gebrehiwot Berie Mekonnen, Gosa Tesfaye Degaga, Alemu Birara Zemariam, Gezahagn Demsu Gedefaw, Dereje Esubalew Abebe, Yohannes Tesfahun Kassie, Almaz Tefera Gonete, Alamirew Enyew Belay, Chalachew Adugna Wubneh
BMJ Open.2023; 13(11): e079063. CrossRef
Determinants for perinatal adverse outcomes among pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membrane: A prospective cohort study
Tariku Abewa Abebe, Dawit Desalegn Nima, Yitbarek Fantahun Mariye, Abebaye Aragaw Leminie
Frontiers in Reproductive Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel predictor markers for early differentiation between transient tachypnea of newborn and respiratory distress syndrome in neonates
Mohamed Shawky Elfarargy, Ghada M Al-Ashmawy, Sally Abu-Risha, Haidy Khattab
International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology.2021; 35: 205873842110005. CrossRef
The Underlying Causes of Respiratory Distress in Late-Preterm and Full-Term Infants Are Different From Those of Early-Preterm Infants
Li Wang, Shuqing Tang, Hui Liu, Juan Ma, Bingyi Li, Li Wu, Zhichun Feng, Yuan Shi
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Clinical features according to chest radiologic patterns of Mycoplasma pneumonia in children.: Young Hyun Kim, Jin Hyeon Kim, Sae Yoon Kim, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2016;33(2):98-104. Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2016.33.2.98

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Clinical differences in Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) in children and adolescent patients according to abnormal infiltrate patterns on the chest X-ray were compared. METHODS: From 2012 to 2015, patients (n=336) diagnosed with MP at Yeungnam University Medical Center have been classified as eiher lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia based on the infilterate patterns observed on chest X-ray. Cases were analyzed retrospectively for gender, age, seasonal incidence rate, main symptoms (fever duration, extrapulmonary symptoms), and laboratory results, including white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as well as concurrent respiratory virus infection. RESULTS: The following results were observed. First, lobar pneumonia affected 22.0% of all MP patients and was the most common in preschool children, with a high incidence rate in November and December. Second, lobar pneumonia had a longer fever duration than bronchopneumonia (p<0.001), and also showed significantly higher platelets (336.8 vs. 299.1 k/µL, p=0.026), ESR(46.3 vs. 26.0mm/hr, p<0.001) and CRP (4.86 vs. 2.18mg/dL, p=0.001). Third, viral co-infection was more common in bronchopneumonia (p=0.017), affecting 66.7% of infants and toddlers (p=0.034). Finaly, lobar consolidation was most common in both lower lobes. CONCLUSION: MP in children has increased in younger age groups, and the rate of lobar pneumonia with severe clinical symptoms is higher in older children.

Two Year Experiences of the International Elective Clerkship for Medical Students.: Sam Beom Lee, Jae Beum Bang, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2009;26(1):24-29. Published online June 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2009.26.1.24

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The aims of medical education have recently been changing in Korea, which has been accompanied by efforts to modify the rotating clerkship courses, improve the quality of clinical education, and make global doctors. We report the experiences of medical students going through an international elective clerkship for during past two years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Third year medical students could apply to the international elective clerkship course during a 4 week period after their third-year rotating clerkship at a university hospital. This was done twice-in 2008 and in 2009. Applicant students were allowed to select hospitals anywhere in the world. We analyzed their choices including data on nation, state or city, hospital or institute, contacted hospitals by medical college, differences of two years, etc. RESULTS: Twelve students (10.9%) of a total of 75 third-year students applied to 3 nations and 4 hospitals in 2008. Nine students applied to the Tampa General Hospital at the University of South Florida (USF) in the USA, which was arranged by their medical college. In 2009, a total of five (4.2%) of 77 students applied to 2 nations and 3 hospitals, including three at the University of South Florida, one in another city in the USA, and one in another nation because of the increased financial burden due to a higher exchange rate. CONCLUSION: Medical students started their first international elective clerkship courses during the past two years. Experiences were interesting and meaningful to the students and the medical college. Greater effort and support to developing a new paradigm and to enlarge the scope of the program for making global doctors are required in the future.

Chemokines Expression in Children with a Non-productive Cough.: Young Hwan Lee, Hee Sun Kim; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2007;24(2):129-136. Published online December 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2007.24.2.129

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE: To evaluate the chemokine expression in children with a non-productive cough. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six children with a non-productive cough who visited Yeungnam University Hospital were evaluated for the mRNA expression of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10(IP-10), macrophage cationic protein 1 and 3 (MCP-1, 3), interleukin (IL)-8, regulated upon activation in normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), eotaxin and growth-related oncogene-alpha (Gro-alpha) using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The chemokines IP-10 and MCP-3 were expressed in all samples. The chemokine RANTES was expressed in five cases, and IL-8 was expressed in three among them. However, eotaxin, Gro-alpha and MCP-1 were not expressed at all. The expression of chemokine MCP-3, RANTES and IL-8 were suppressed after the resolution of coughing in just one available case. CONCLUSION: The chemokines MCP-3, RANTES and IL-8 may contribute to airway inflammation in children with a non-productive cough, whereas IP-10 is of secondary importance in this condition.

Clinical Clerkship in the Yeungnam University Medical School － Through the Questionnaires －: Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2007;24(2 Suppl):S340-351. Published online December 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2007.24.2S.S340

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Abstract PDF

Purpose：To evaluate the status and activities of the clinical clerkship in the Yeungnam University Medical School through the surveying of the clerkship directors and 4th grade medical students in 2003. Materials and Methods：A total 22 clerkship directors and 60 medical students who finished their clerkships were enrolled. For the faculties, the questionnaire was composed of appointment status of clinical instructors, clerkships' logbooks, main activities, type and scope of assessment, feedback mode and opinion to improve the clerkships with a 10 scaled score. For the students, selfassessment for learning the basic clinical skill, effectiveness of ambulatory care and ward round, attendance of the surgical procedures, experience of making the preliminary chart were included.
Results
：The clerkship directors have provided logbooks, activities in various fields and feedback. However, the satisfaction scores (10 scaled sore) of the students was followed; confidence of the basic clinical skills 4.7, acquaintance with the clerkship objectives 5.3, relevance the logbook contents 5.2, relevance the lecture contexts 5.6, respectively. In the ambulatory cares, ward round and the attendance of the operative procedures did not contribute to learning the etiology of disease, process of treatment and prognosis.
Conclusion
：The clerkship program of the Yeungnam University Medical School have some discrepancy in the satisfaction scores between the clerkship directors and students. To reinforce the educational effects of the clinical clerkships, each course will be composed of the main learning objectives based on the clinical situation. The teaching skill training programs should be operated for clerkship directors or instructors, including the residents. Appropriate educational environment will be established, also.

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Accreditation Standards for Designating Teaching Hospitals for Medical Students in Korea
Jonghoon Park, Youngchang Kim, Dongseok Moon, Kwihwa Park, Sujin Chae, Hyohyun Yoo, Ducksun Ahn
Korean Medical Education Review.2015; 17(1): 15. CrossRef

Symptomatic Pneumothorax in the Full-term Neonate.: Woo Kyoung Choi, Chan Eui Hong, Dong Jin Lee, Nam Jin Hur, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2005;22(2):183-190. Published online December 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2005.22.2.183

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
This study was performed to evaluate the incidence and clinical characteristics of symptomatic pneumothorax in the full-term neonate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 32 symptomatic pneumothorax patients in the full term neonates who admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in Ulsan Dong Kang General Hospital from January, 2000 to December, 2004. The subjects were divided into two groups according to underlying causes; spontaneous pneumothorax group and secondary pneumothorax group, then each clinical characteristics were assessed. RESULTS: Spontaneous pneumothorax patients were 10 (31%) and secondary pneumothorax patients were 22 (69%). Overall incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax was 0.4%. Most common cause of secondary pneumothorax was pneumonia. Twelve cases (54.5%) among secondary pneumothorax patients were associated with mechanical ventilator care. Clinical characteristics, courses and managements were similar between two groups, but more shorter duration of admission and chest-tube insertion in spontaneous pneumothorax group CONCLUSION: The patient with symptomatic pneumothorax needs careful observation and proper management with or without underlying respiratory diseases

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Clinical feature of neonatal pneumothorax induced by respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia
Ji-Sun Jung, Sang-Woo Park, Chun-Soo Kim, Sang-Lak Lee, Tae-Chan Kwon
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2009; 52(3): 310. CrossRef

Review

Kawasaki Disease.: Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2000;17(2):99-107. Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2000.17.2.99

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Abstract PDF

Kawasaki disease, an acute febrile illness which primarily affects in children under the age of six, was first described by Tomisaku Kawasaki in 1967. It has been reported that Kawasaki disease is probable driven by abnormalities of the immune system after an infectious insult, but this has not been confirmed. It mainly affects small and medium-sized arteries, particularly the coronary arteries. Deaths may occur at any time with cardiovascular complications. The early recognition and treatment with follow-up evaluation for the coronary arterial lesion is very important in a case of Kawasaki disease.

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Risk factors for the occurrence and persistence of coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease
Soo-kyeong Jeon, Geena Kim, Hoon Ko, Joung-Hee Byun, Hyoung Doo Lee
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2019; 62(4): 138. CrossRef

Original Articles

Statistical analysis of patients referred to pediatric cardiologic clinic for diagosis of heart disease.: Kwang Hae Choi, Young Hwan Lee; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2000;17(1):49-54. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2000.17.1.49

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Echocardiography is rapidly established itself as the primary diagnostic technique for investigation of children with heart disease, and referrals are increasing to the pediatric cardiology clinic for investigation. However, because there is a lack of analysis data on the patients referred to pediatric cardiology clinics, we have proceeded to compare and analyze their characteristics to provide basic data base. METHODS: From Oct. 1, 1998 to Jul. 10, 1999, total 443 cases referred to the pediatric cardiology clinic of Yeungnam University Hospital were studied retrospectively by medical records, chest X-ray, EKG and echocardiography, etc. RESULTS: The results were as follows. 1. The proportion of male was 61.0%(261 cases) and that of female was 39.0%(167 cases). The ratio of male to female was 1.6:1. The proportion infants less than 1 year-old was 62.6%(268 cases) of all patients. 2. Cardiac murmur was present in 248 cases(57.9%), which was the most common case of referral to the pediatric cardiology clinic. The impression at referral was more congenital heart disease(70.6%) than acquired heart disease(17.8%) and arrhythmia(11.6%). 3. The final diagnosis was as follows : congenital heart disease was present in 212 cases(49.5%), acquired heart disease, 59 cases(13.9%); arrhythmia, 13 cases(3.0%); normal heart, 144 cases(33.6%). CONCLUSION: Among the patients referred to pediatric cardiology clinic, 33.6%(144 cases) had normal hearts and why these patient were referred may be possibly due to more dependence on echocardiography than on auscultation instruction. Threfore, clinical and auscultatory skill should be emphasized to minimize dependence on expensive echocardiography for evaluation of pediatric heart disease.

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Evaluation and diagnostic approach for heart murmurs in children
Hee Joung Choi
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2020; 63(7): 398. CrossRef

A Survey on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Women in Taegu toward Weaning Diet for Infants.: Kyung Ah Kim, Eun Sil Lee, Young Hwan Lee, Son Moon Shin, Kwang Hae Choi; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 1997;14(2):370-382. Published online December 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.1997.14.2.370

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Abstract PDF

Successful Weaning is very important to provide adequate nutrients for nomal growth and to induce a good diet habit. We conducted a survey on the Knowledge and attitudes of women who live in Taegu toward weaning in infants, to figure out how much they know about weaning diet for the infants, which source they prefer to get the information about weaning diet, whether their knowledge affect their practice about weaning in infants, and the most effective way to educate them. A survey was conducted with the prepared questionnaire on women who responded all the residential area and market place, and those who visited Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University hospital from July 25 to September 15, 1997. Statistical analysis was done with student t-test and ANOVA using SPSS program. Among total 303 responders, those who aged between 30 and 39 year were 37.2%. Scores for the six questions about weaning policy showed highest in the age group between30 and 39 years. Higher score was recorded in the more educated group, in those who get informations about weaning diet from books, magazines and pediatricians. The majority of the responders had wrong concepts, such as feeding weaning diet using bottle(69.1%), feeding mixed with formula in the same bottle(64.5%), addition of salt(68.4%), Those who had higher educational level preferred books, magazines rather than neighbors or mother to get informations about weaning diet. Those who preferred books or magazines started weaning, stopped bottle feeding, and used spoon earlier, and their children had unbalanced diet habits less frequently. Home-made food was most frequently, and commercial products were used less frequntly. Those who ewre employed preferred home-made good rather than commercial products, it may be caused by the difference of the educational backgrounds from those of the unemployed. In conclusion, most responders ask neighbors and mother to get informations about weaning, and the incorrect knowledge from them colud cause inadquate weaning practice and induced bad diet habit in their children. We have to find the reasons why they did not refer books or magazines frequently, and the way to resolve the problem.

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Market Segmentation for Commercial Baby Food by Food-Related Lifestyle of Korean Housewives
Bang-jin Bark, Wan-Soo Hong
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(4): 452. CrossRef

Clinical Study of Spontaneous Closure in Simple Ventricular Septal Defects: Young Hwan Lee, Yong Hoon Park; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 1995;12(1):105-112. Published online June 30, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.1995.12.1.105

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Abstract PDF: During the period of 9.5 years from September, 1985 to March, 1995, 32 cases with spontaneous closure in simple ventricular septal defect(VSD) were observed and evaluated at Yeungnam University Hospital, and those were confirmed by 2D-echocardiogram. The results were as follows: 1. Among these 32 cases, there were 23 cases(71.9%) of perimembranous VSD, 8 cases(25.0%) of muscular VSD and 1 case(3.1%) of subarterial VSD. Septal aneurysms appears to be main mechanism of spontaneous closure of VSD because of the presence of septal aneurysm in all cases with spontaneous ',;losure of a perimembranous VSD. 2. The size of the defect was variable in diameter, but 27 cases(81.2%) were less than 5 mm. 3. The mean age was 12.1 months at spontaneous closure with the range from 1 month old to 72 months. 4. The mean weight was 9.0 kg at spontaneous closure. 5.--Among these 32 cases, 3 cases had the clinical evidence of cardimegaly or congestive hert -failure during infancy. 6. Male to female sex ratio was 1.5:1

Measurements of Mid-arm Circumference(MAC) and Mid-arm Circumference/Head Circumference(MAC/HC) Ratio as Indices of Nutritional Status in Newborn Infants.: Jae Jun Lee, Kyung Ah Lee, Young Hwan Lee, Son Moon Shin; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 1994;11(1):160-166. Published online June 30, 1994; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.1994.11.1.160

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Abstract PDF: Mid-arm circumference and mid-arm circumference/head circumference ratio(MAC/HC) were measured in 207 AGA(appropriate for gestational age) infants delivered at 26 to 42 weeks of gestation from January 1990 to December 1993 in Yeungnam University Hospital, Taegu, Korea. There were linear relationships between MACs and MAC/HC ratios and gestational age(MAC : y=03181x -2.2069, r=0.81, p<0.001 ; MAC/HC ratio : y=0.049x+0.1128, r=0.62, ; < 0.001). Using standard curves of MAC and MAC/HC ratio according to the gestational age, measurement of MAC or MAC/HC ratio can be a noninvasive, simple method to evaluate the intrauterine growth of newborn infants and the nutritional status of growing premature infants.

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